ប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តបិទមុខ

In 1946-1949, Thailand government allowed Khmer Communists and right-wing Khmers to buy the weapons accross Thailand. Thailand formed a movement against France in Cambodia, called Isarak Khmer front.

Additionally, Thailand seeked all tactics to weaken Prince Norodom Sihanuk because the prince was a barrier to stop their goals from achievement.

Thailand governemt was concerned with the achievement/success of national liberation movement of Indochina. Because it was worried about existence of Communist influenced in Thailand. Therefore, it had tendency to support France, and in 1950 Thailand made a formal announcement that "the border between Thailand and Indochina had completely agreed and mapped."

Meanwhile, some of the high ranking officials of Thailand governments tried to find tactics to modify and remove the polls from the borders so as to take a political advantages from Cambodia. (Cf. Extracted from defaced history of Cambodia Part III,p.378).

In 1946-1949, Thailand government allowed Khmer Communists and right-wing Khmers to buy the weapons accross Thailand. Thailand formed a movement against France in Cambodia, called Isarak Khmer front.

Additionally, Thailand seeked all tactics to weaken Prince Norodom Sihanuk because the prince was a barrier to stop their goals from achievement.

Thailand governemt was concerned with the achievement/success of national liberation movement of Indochina. Because it was worried about existence of Communist influenced in Thailand. Therefore, it had tendency to support France, and in 1950 Thailand made a formal announcement that "the border between Thailand and Indochina had completely agreed and mapped."

Meanwhile, some of the high ranking officials of Thailand governments tried to find tactics to modify and remove the polls from the borders so as to take a political advantages from Cambodia. (Cf. Extracted from defaced history of Cambodia Part III,p.378).

Cambodian people experienced their suffering life since the Angkor empire had fallen. Statistically, in Angorean era, there were about a population of 70,000,000 people in Cambodia. Hundreds of years since Angkor empire had fallen, Cambodian people were killed by neighboring countries ( Yuon and Siem), war, starvation, and deseases. Because of leaving Angkor temple for long times, Cambodians themselves had not known that Angkor temples existed in their land because the forest had grown densely surrounding the temple. And then during the French protectorate, a French found the Angkor Wat temple located in the jungle.

When the French controlled Indochina, Cambodia remained only a population of 600,000 people, and the Cambodia territory was almost totally taken over by Yuon and Siem. At that time, Yuon and Siem had divided Cambodia into two parts of Mekong River.

Luckily, Franch put the colony on Indochina, and took back Cambodia territory from Yuon and Siem during Ang Duong King.

Cambodian people experienced their suffering life since the Angkor empire had fallen. Statistically, in Angorean era, there were about a population of 70,000,000 people in Cambodia. Hundreds of years since Angkor empire had fallen, Cambodian people were killed by neighboring countries ( Yuon and Siem), war, starvation, and deseases. Because of leaving Angkor temple for long times, Cambodians themselves had not known that Angkor temples existed in their land because the forest had grown densely surrounding the temple. And then during the French protectorate, a French found the Angkor Wat temple located in the jungle.

When the French controlled Indochina, Cambodia remained only a population of 600,000 people, and the Cambodia territory was almost totally taken over by Yuon and Siem. At that time, Yuon and Siem had divided Cambodia into two parts of Mekong River.

Luckily, Franch put the colony on Indochina, and took back Cambodia territory from Yuon and Siem during Ang Duong King.

People in the world know Ho Chi Minh clearly because of his hero during his political life. In reality, Ho Chi Minh was the secredly worst guys in the world because in order to achieve his ambitions, he killed millions of people vietnamese, Cambodian, and loas, but this crual activies were not globally interested. For instance, in 1945 there was a bomb in the central of Phnom Penh by America on Japanse. This bomb dropped because Ho Chi Minh provided the information to The US army that there were Japanese army to stay there. However, more than 20,000 Cambodian Civilians were killed in 20 minutes. Shockingly, at that time, only 40,000 people were living in Phnom Penh. ( Cf. defaced history document, part II)

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People in the world know Ho Chi Minh clearly because of his hero during his political life. In reality, Ho Chi Minh was the secredly worst guys in the world because in order to achieve his ambitions, he killed millions of people vietnamese, Cambodian, and loas, but this crual activies were not globally interested. For instance, in 1945 there was a bomb in the central of Phnom Penh by America on Japanse. This bomb dropped because Ho Chi Minh provided the information to The US army that there were Japanese army to stay there. However, more than 20,000 Cambodian Civilians were killed in 20 minutes. Shockingly, at that time, only 40,000 people were living in Phnom Penh. ( Cf. defaced history document, part II)

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Le Duc Tho, pseudonym of Phan Dinh Khai (1911-1990), Vietnamese Communist leader, born in northern Vietnam. Twice imprisoned for his nationalist activities by the French (1930-1936; 1939-1944), he later rose to the top echelon of party leaders in North Vietnam. From 1968 to 1973 Tho was the chief negotiator for North Vietnam at the Paris peace talks aimed at ending the Vietnam War, and he was awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize, along with the United States secretary of state Henry A. Kissinger, for negotiating the Vietnam cease-fire agreement. Tho, however, rejected the prize, stating that “peace has not really been established.” He was a member of the party's Politburo from 1955 through 1986.

Le Duc Tho, pseudonym of Phan Dinh Khai (1911-1990), Vietnamese Communist leader, born in northern Vietnam. Twice imprisoned for his nationalist activities by the French (1930-1936; 1939-1944), he later rose to the top echelon of party leaders in North Vietnam. From 1968 to 1973 Tho was the chief negotiator for North Vietnam at the Paris peace talks aimed at ending the Vietnam War, and he was awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize, along with the United States secretary of state Henry A. Kissinger, for negotiating the Vietnam cease-fire agreement. Tho, however, rejected the prize, stating that “peace has not really been established.” He was a member of the party's Politburo from 1955 through 1986.

Pol Pot
Pol Pot (1925-1998), Cambodian political leader, whose radical Khmer Rouge movement controlled the government of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. Under Pol Pot’s totalitarian regime, about 1.7 million Cambodians were killed and Cambodia fell into economic ruin.

Pol Pot was born Saloth Sar in Kompong Thom Province. At that time Cambodia was a Buddhist kingdom under French control. His parents had royal connections: his cousin was one of King Sisovath Monivong’s wives, his sister was a consort, and his brother Loth Suong made a career in the palace. Sar had a strict, sheltered childhood. In 1934 he joined his brother at the palace compound in Phnom Penh, Cambodia’s capital, and spent a year in a royal monastery followed by six years in an elite Catholic school.

In 1948 Sar went to study radio electricity in Paris, where he joined the French Communist Party. He kept company with Khieu Ponnary, the first Khmer (ethnic Cambodian) woman to receive a bachelor’s degree, and they were married in 1956. Sar’s student friends included Khieu Samphan, Ieng Sary, and Son Sen. Each person in the group adopted a pseudonym. Sar chose “Khmaer Da’em,” meaning “Original Cambodian,” while the others chose more modern code names such as “Free Khmer” and “Khmer Worker.” Later, in the mid-1970s, Sar adopted the pseudonym he is most widely known by: Pol Pot (which has no particular meaning).

Pol Pot failed his courses in Paris and returned to Cambodia in 1953. A movement for independence from France had been gaining strength since the end of World War II (1939-1945), and Pol Pot joined the Cambodian and Vietnamese Communists who were fighting the French in a common cause. The Vietnamese taught Pol Pot how to organize peasants for resistance, but he felt that this assignment was a patronizing slight for someone raised in the palace. His resentment of the Vietnamese was exacerbated when they failed to quickly promote him to a leadership position despite his overseas experience.

France granted Cambodia independence in 1953, and the government of King Norodom Sihanouk was recognized as the country’s sole legitimate authority at the Geneva Conference the next year. Pol Pot and other radicals who had fought the French alongside Vietnamese Communists went underground. Pol Pot moved to Phnom Penh and resumed working to establish a Communist government in Cambodia. Pol Pot rose in the ranks of the Workers Party of Kâmpŭchéa (later renamed the Communist Party of Kâmpŭchéa, or CPK). In February 1963 he became the CPK’s secretary general, or top leader, after his predecessor, a former Buddhist monk, mysteriously disappeared.
In July 1963 Pol Pot left Phnom Penh to establish a rebel base in the mountains of northeastern Cambodia. Under his leadership, the CPK began to wage guerrilla attacks against the government in 1967. It was during this time that the Khmer Rouge—the name given to CPK members by Sihanouk—emerged as a major force. Once rural, Buddhist, moderate, and pro-Vietnamese, the Communist leadership became became urban, French-educated, radical, and anti-Vietnamese under Pol Pot’s influence.

After eight years of guerrilla warfare, Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge movement took over the Cambodian government in 1975. Declaring the state of Democratic Kâmpŭchéa (DK), Pol Pot cut Cambodia off from the world. He banned foreign and minority languages and attacked the neighboring countries of Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand in an attempt to regain ancient “lost territory.” Seeking to restore the “purity” of the Khmer race (the ethnic majority in Cambodia), Pol Pot eliminated foreign-educated people (with the exception of his Paris group) and non-Khmers living in Cambodia, especially the Vietnamese. Despite food shortages, rice was exported to China along with rare wild animals in exchange for weapons. An atheist, Pol Pot suppressed Cambodia’s Buddhist religion: monks were defrocked; temples and artifacts, including statues of Buddha, were destroyed; and people praying or expressing other religious sentiments were often killed. In an effort to rebuild the powerful, agriculture-based economy of the medieval Ângkôr kingdom, the government emptied the cities through mass evacuations and sent people to the countryside. Cambodians were overworked and underfed on collective farms, often succumbing to disease or starvation as a result. Spouses were separated and family meals prohibited in order to steer loyalties toward the state instead of the family. About 1.7 million Cambodians, or about 20 percent of the population, were worked, starved, or beaten to death under Pol Pot’s regime.
The Vietnamese army overthrew Democratic Kâmpŭchéa on January 7, 1979, in retaliation for Khmer Rouge attacks on Vietnam. Pol Pot and the remnants of his forces fled to the Thai-Cambodian border and began a long campaign to retake power. In the late 1980s Pol Pot remarried and had a daughter with his second wife. In 1996 the Khmer Rouge army began to break up when Ieng Sary, Pol Pot’s brother-in-law and the former deputy prime minister of DK, defected to the Cambodian government. In 1997 Khmer Rouge leaders detained Pol Pot, staging a show trial and placing him under house arrest. Pol Pot died in April 1998; in May the Cambodian government claimed that its troops had captured the last of the Khmer Rouge’s positions along the Thai-Cambodian border.

Pol Pot
Pol Pot (1925-1998), Cambodian political leader, whose radical Khmer Rouge movement controlled the government of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. Under Pol Pot’s totalitarian regime, about 1.7 million Cambodians were killed and Cambodia fell into economic ruin.

Pol Pot was born Saloth Sar in Kompong Thom Province. At that time Cambodia was a Buddhist kingdom under French control. His parents had royal connections: his cousin was one of King Sisovath Monivong’s wives, his sister was a consort, and his brother Loth Suong made a career in the palace. Sar had a strict, sheltered childhood. In 1934 he joined his brother at the palace compound in Phnom Penh, Cambodia’s capital, and spent a year in a royal monastery followed by six years in an elite Catholic school.

In 1948 Sar went to study radio electricity in Paris, where he joined the French Communist Party. He kept company with Khieu Ponnary, the first Khmer (ethnic Cambodian) woman to receive a bachelor’s degree, and they were married in 1956. Sar’s student friends included Khieu Samphan, Ieng Sary, and Son Sen. Each person in the group adopted a pseudonym. Sar chose “Khmaer Da’em,” meaning “Original Cambodian,” while the others chose more modern code names such as “Free Khmer” and “Khmer Worker.” Later, in the mid-1970s, Sar adopted the pseudonym he is most widely known by: Pol Pot (which has no particular meaning).

Pol Pot failed his courses in Paris and returned to Cambodia in 1953. A movement for independence from France had been gaining strength since the end of World War II (1939-1945), and Pol Pot joined the Cambodian and Vietnamese Communists who were fighting the French in a common cause. The Vietnamese taught Pol Pot how to organize peasants for resistance, but he felt that this assignment was a patronizing slight for someone raised in the palace. His resentment of the Vietnamese was exacerbated when they failed to quickly promote him to a leadership position despite his overseas experience.

France granted Cambodia independence in 1953, and the government of King Norodom Sihanouk was recognized as the country’s sole legitimate authority at the Geneva Conference the next year. Pol Pot and other radicals who had fought the French alongside Vietnamese Communists went underground. Pol Pot moved to Phnom Penh and resumed working to establish a Communist government in Cambodia. Pol Pot rose in the ranks of the Workers Party of Kâmpŭchéa (later renamed the Communist Party of Kâmpŭchéa, or CPK). In February 1963 he became the CPK’s secretary general, or top leader, after his predecessor, a former Buddhist monk, mysteriously disappeared.
In July 1963 Pol Pot left Phnom Penh to establish a rebel base in the mountains of northeastern Cambodia. Under his leadership, the CPK began to wage guerrilla attacks against the government in 1967. It was during this time that the Khmer Rouge—the name given to CPK members by Sihanouk—emerged as a major force. Once rural, Buddhist, moderate, and pro-Vietnamese, the Communist leadership became became urban, French-educated, radical, and anti-Vietnamese under Pol Pot’s influence.

After eight years of guerrilla warfare, Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge movement took over the Cambodian government in 1975. Declaring the state of Democratic Kâmpŭchéa (DK), Pol Pot cut Cambodia off from the world. He banned foreign and minority languages and attacked the neighboring countries of Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand in an attempt to regain ancient “lost territory.” Seeking to restore the “purity” of the Khmer race (the ethnic majority in Cambodia), Pol Pot eliminated foreign-educated people (with the exception of his Paris group) and non-Khmers living in Cambodia, especially the Vietnamese. Despite food shortages, rice was exported to China along with rare wild animals in exchange for weapons. An atheist, Pol Pot suppressed Cambodia’s Buddhist religion: monks were defrocked; temples and artifacts, including statues of Buddha, were destroyed; and people praying or expressing other religious sentiments were often killed. In an effort to rebuild the powerful, agriculture-based economy of the medieval Ângkôr kingdom, the government emptied the cities through mass evacuations and sent people to the countryside. Cambodians were overworked and underfed on collective farms, often succumbing to disease or starvation as a result. Spouses were separated and family meals prohibited in order to steer loyalties toward the state instead of the family. About 1.7 million Cambodians, or about 20 percent of the population, were worked, starved, or beaten to death under Pol Pot’s regime.
The Vietnamese army overthrew Democratic Kâmpŭchéa on January 7, 1979, in retaliation for Khmer Rouge attacks on Vietnam. Pol Pot and the remnants of his forces fled to the Thai-Cambodian border and began a long campaign to retake power. In the late 1980s Pol Pot remarried and had a daughter with his second wife. In 1996 the Khmer Rouge army began to break up when Ieng Sary, Pol Pot’s brother-in-law and the former deputy prime minister of DK, defected to the Cambodian government. In 1997 Khmer Rouge leaders detained Pol Pot, staging a show trial and placing him under house arrest. Pol Pot died in April 1998; in May the Cambodian government claimed that its troops had captured the last of the Khmer Rouge’s positions along the Thai-Cambodian border.

Norodom Sihanouk has served, at different times, as Cambodia’s king, prime minister, and head of state. In the 1960s he kept Cambodia from becoming involved in the turmoil of neighboring Vietnam, but was ousted from power in 1970 during the Vietnam War. While living in exile in China, Sihanouk formed ties with the Communist Khmer Rouge. He returned to nominal power in 1975, but resigned a year later in protest over the brutality of the Khmer Rouge regime. In 1991 he again came into power and was installed as king in 1993.

REUTERS/THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE
Norodom Sihanouk, born in 1922, king of Cambodia from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 to 2004. He served at various times as prime minister (intermittently, 1952-1968) and as head of state (1960-1970, 1975-1976, 1991-1993). Sihanouk was at the forefront of Cambodian politics through the difficult years of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge regime. Through it all, he held widespread support among the Cambodian people.

II FIRST REIGN AS KING
Norodom Sihanouk was born in Phnom Penh and attended primary school in that city. He then attended secondary school in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), Vietnam, and military school in Saumur, France. On the death of his grandfather, King Sisovath Monivong, in 1941, Sihanouk was put on the throne with the approval of the French colonial government. He gradually became involved in the independence struggles of his people. In 1953 he went into voluntary exile to protest continued French colonialism in Cambodia, returning only after France recognized his country’s independence in 1954. In 1955 he abdicated in favor of his father, Norodom Suramarit. Sihanouk then formed a party that won all the seats in the National Assembly (Cambodia’s legislature) and took charge of the country’s affairs.

III TURBULENT YEARS
When his father died in 1960, Sihanouk declined to resume the throne, instead becoming head of state. He skillfully maintained Cambodia’s neutrality in the Vietnam War when the forces of both sides violated Cambodian territory. In March 1970 the National Assembly deposed Sihanouk while he was abroad. The anticommunist, pro-Western forces behind the coup included General Lon Nol, who assumed power. Sihanouk went into exile in China, where he established a government in exile in alliance with the procommunist guerrilla forces of the Khmer Rouge.
After the Khmer Rouge routed Lon Nol’s government in 1975, Sihanouk was installed as nominal head of state. However, Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot exercised real power. Sihanouk disagreed with the brutality of Pol Pot’s genocidal regime and was kept under house arrest in the royal palace in Phnom Penh. About 1.7 million Cambodians were killed during the four years of the Khmer Rouge regime.
Meanwhile, Pol Pot refused to ally with the Vietnamese communist government after the Vietnam War ended in 1975. Armed conflict soon erupted between the two countries, and Vietnamese forces launched a full-scale invasion of Cambodia in December 1978. Sihanouk pled Cambodia’s case before the United Nations against the puppet government installed by the Vietnamese in January 1979. Following another period of exile, Sihanouk in 1982 formed a common front with the Khmer Rouge and other groups to resist Vietnam’s military occupation of Cambodia, which continued until 1989.

IV RETURN AS KING
In 1991 Sihanouk became president of the Supreme National Council, a transitional body established by peace treaty to help govern Cambodia. In the aftermath of an inconclusive election in June 1993, he brokered an agreement for leaders of the two main parties to share power. In September 1993 the government ratified a new constitution restoring the monarchy and establishing the Kingdom of Cambodia. Sihanouk was installed as king.

Although he largely played the role of a figurehead, Sihanouk often interfered in Cambodian political decisions. He openly expressed his disapproval of the bitter political rivalries that prevented the formation of a coalition government after the 2003 elections. In ill health, he abdicated the throne in October 2004 in favor of his son, Norodom Sihamoni, a former ballet dancer whose only previous public role was as Cambodia’s ambassador to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Sihanouk authored My War with the CIA: The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk (1972) and War and Hope: The Case for Cambodia (1980). He also produced numerous films about Cambodia, for which he wrote the screenplays and composed the musical scores.

Norodom Sihanouk has served, at different times, as Cambodia’s king, prime minister, and head of state. In the 1960s he kept Cambodia from becoming involved in the turmoil of neighboring Vietnam, but was ousted from power in 1970 during the Vietnam War. While living in exile in China, Sihanouk formed ties with the Communist Khmer Rouge. He returned to nominal power in 1975, but resigned a year later in protest over the brutality of the Khmer Rouge regime. In 1991 he again came into power and was installed as king in 1993.

REUTERS/THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE
Norodom Sihanouk, born in 1922, king of Cambodia from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 to 2004. He served at various times as prime minister (intermittently, 1952-1968) and as head of state (1960-1970, 1975-1976, 1991-1993). Sihanouk was at the forefront of Cambodian politics through the difficult years of the Vietnam War and the Khmer Rouge regime. Through it all, he held widespread support among the Cambodian people.

II FIRST REIGN AS KING
Norodom Sihanouk was born in Phnom Penh and attended primary school in that city. He then attended secondary school in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), Vietnam, and military school in Saumur, France. On the death of his grandfather, King Sisovath Monivong, in 1941, Sihanouk was put on the throne with the approval of the French colonial government. He gradually became involved in the independence struggles of his people. In 1953 he went into voluntary exile to protest continued French colonialism in Cambodia, returning only after France recognized his country’s independence in 1954. In 1955 he abdicated in favor of his father, Norodom Suramarit. Sihanouk then formed a party that won all the seats in the National Assembly (Cambodia’s legislature) and took charge of the country’s affairs.

III TURBULENT YEARS
When his father died in 1960, Sihanouk declined to resume the throne, instead becoming head of state. He skillfully maintained Cambodia’s neutrality in the Vietnam War when the forces of both sides violated Cambodian territory. In March 1970 the National Assembly deposed Sihanouk while he was abroad. The anticommunist, pro-Western forces behind the coup included General Lon Nol, who assumed power. Sihanouk went into exile in China, where he established a government in exile in alliance with the procommunist guerrilla forces of the Khmer Rouge.
After the Khmer Rouge routed Lon Nol’s government in 1975, Sihanouk was installed as nominal head of state. However, Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot exercised real power. Sihanouk disagreed with the brutality of Pol Pot’s genocidal regime and was kept under house arrest in the royal palace in Phnom Penh. About 1.7 million Cambodians were killed during the four years of the Khmer Rouge regime.
Meanwhile, Pol Pot refused to ally with the Vietnamese communist government after the Vietnam War ended in 1975. Armed conflict soon erupted between the two countries, and Vietnamese forces launched a full-scale invasion of Cambodia in December 1978. Sihanouk pled Cambodia’s case before the United Nations against the puppet government installed by the Vietnamese in January 1979. Following another period of exile, Sihanouk in 1982 formed a common front with the Khmer Rouge and other groups to resist Vietnam’s military occupation of Cambodia, which continued until 1989.

IV RETURN AS KING
In 1991 Sihanouk became president of the Supreme National Council, a transitional body established by peace treaty to help govern Cambodia. In the aftermath of an inconclusive election in June 1993, he brokered an agreement for leaders of the two main parties to share power. In September 1993 the government ratified a new constitution restoring the monarchy and establishing the Kingdom of Cambodia. Sihanouk was installed as king.

Although he largely played the role of a figurehead, Sihanouk often interfered in Cambodian political decisions. He openly expressed his disapproval of the bitter political rivalries that prevented the formation of a coalition government after the 2003 elections. In ill health, he abdicated the throne in October 2004 in favor of his son, Norodom Sihamoni, a former ballet dancer whose only previous public role was as Cambodia’s ambassador to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Sihanouk authored My War with the CIA: The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk (1972) and War and Hope: The Case for Cambodia (1980). He also produced numerous films about Cambodia, for which he wrote the screenplays and composed the musical scores.